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Choosing an Estimator#

Estimators make up the core of the Rubix ML library and include classifiers, regressors, clusterers, anomaly detectors, and meta-estimators organized into their own namespaces. They are responsible for making predictions and are usually trained with data. Most estimators allow tuning by adjusting their user-defined hyper-parameters. Hyper-parameters are arguments to the learning algorithm that effect its behavior during training and inference. The values for the hyper-parameters can be chosen by intuition, tuning, or completely at random. The defaults provided by the library are a good place to start for most problems. To instantiate a new estimator, pass the desired values of the hyper-parameters to the estimator's constructor like in the example below.

use Rubix\ML\Classifiers\KNearestNeighbors;
use Rubix\ML\Kernels\Distance\Minkowski;

$estimator = new KNearestNeighbors(10, false, new Minkowski(2.5));

Classifiers#

Classifiers are supervised learners that predict a categorical class label. They can be used to recognize (cat, dog, turtle), differentiate (spam, not spam), or describe (running, walking) the samples in a dataset based on the labels they were trained on. In addition, classifiers that implement the Probabilistic interface can infer the joint probability distribution of each possible class given an unclassified sample.

Name Flexibility Proba Online Ranks Features Verbose Data Compatibility
AdaBoost High Depends on base learner
Classification Tree Medium Categorical, Continuous
Extra Tree Classifier Medium Categorical, Continuous
Gaussian Naive Bayes Medium Continuous
K-d Neighbors Medium Depends on distance kernel
K Nearest Neighbors Medium Depends on distance kernel
Logistic Regression Low Continuous
Logit Boost High Categorical, Continuous
Multilayer Perceptron High Continuous
Naive Bayes Medium Categorical
One Vs Rest Medium Depends on base learner
Radius Neighbors Medium Depends on distance kernel
Random Forest High Categorical, Continuous
Softmax Classifier Low Continuous
SVC High Continuous

Regressors#

Regressors are a type of supervised learner that predict a continuous-valued outcome such as 1.275 or 655. They can be used to quantify a sample such as its credit score, age, or steering wheel position in units of degrees. Unlike classifiers whose range of predictions is bounded by the number of possible classes in the training set, a regressor's range is unbounded - meaning, the number of possible values a regressor could predict is infinite.

Name Flexibility Online Ranks Features Verbose Persistable Data Compatibility
Adaline Low Continuous
Extra Tree Regressor Medium Categorical, Continuous
Gradient Boost High Categorical, Continuous
K-d Neighbors Regressor Medium Depends on distance kernel
KNN Regressor Medium Depends on distance kernel
MLP Regressor High Continuous
Radius Neighbors Regressor Medium Depends on distance kernerl
Regression Tree Medium Categorical, Continuous
Ridge Low Continuous
SVR High Continuous

Clusterers#

Clusterers are unsupervised learners that predict an integer-valued cluster number such as 0, 1, ..., n. They are similar to classifiers, however since they lack a supervised training signal, they cannot be used to recognize or describe samples. Instead, clusterers differentiate and group samples using only the information found within the structure of the samples without their labels.

Name Flexibility Proba Online Verbose Persistable Data Compatibility
DBSCAN High Depends on distance kernel
Fuzzy C Means Low Continuous
Gaussian Mixture Medium Continuous
K Means Low Continuous
Mean Shift Medium Continuous

Anomaly Detectors#

Anomaly Detectors are unsupervised learners that predict whether a sample should be classified as an anomaly or not. We use the value 1 to indicate an outlier and 0 for a regular sample and the predictions can be cast to their boolean equivalent if needed. Anomaly detectors that implement the Scoring interface can output an anomaly score that can be used to sort the samples by their degree of anomalousness.

Name Scope Scoring Online Verbose Persistable Data Compatibility
Gaussian MLE Global Continuous
Isolation Forest Local Categorical, Continuous
Local Outlier Factor Local Depends on distance kernel
Loda Local Continuous
One Class SVM Global Continuous
Robust Z-Score Global Continuous

Model Flexibility Tradeoff#

A characteristic of most estimator types is the notion of flexibility. Flexibility can be expressed in different ways but greater flexibility usually comes with the capacity to handle more complex tasks. The tradeoff for flexibility is increased computational complexity, reduced model interpretability, and greater susceptibility to overfitting. In contrast, low flexibility models tend to be easier to interpret and quicker to train but are more prone to underfitting. In general, we recommend choosing the simplest model that does not underfit the training data for your project.

No Free Lunch Theorem#

At some point you may ask yourself "Why do we need so many different learning algorithms?" The answer to that question can be understood by the No Free Lunch Theorem which states that, when averaged over the space of all possible problems, no algorithm performs any better than the next. Perhaps a more useful way of stating NFL is that certain learners perform better at certain tasks and worse in others. This is explained by the fact that all learning algorithms have some prior knowledge inherent in them whether it be via the choice of hyper-parameters or the design of the algorithm itself. Another consequence of No Free Lunch is that there exists no single estimator that performs better for all problems.